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Human Bones
Cranial [8]frontal bone (1) parietal bone (2) temporal bone (2) occipital bone sphenoid bone ethmoid bone Pelvis (4)Sacrum Coccyx or tailbone Os coxae or hipbone ilium ischium pubis (2) Thigh (2)femur (2) Legs (6)patella (2) tibia (2) fibula (2) | Facial [14]mandible maxilla (2) palatine bone (2) zygomatic bone (2) nasal bone (2) lacrimal bone (2) Feet (52)Tarsal (ankle) bones calcaneus (2) talus (2) navicular bone (2) medial cuneiform bone (2) intermediate cuneiform bone (2) lateral cuneiform bone (2) cuboid bone (2) | Middle Ear [6]malleus (2) incus (2) stapes (2) Chest (25)sternum or breastbone body of sternum (gladiolus) manubrium xiphoid - process (1) ribs (2 x12) Metatarsus bones Metatarsal bone (5 x 2) Digits of the feet (toe bones or phalanges) proximal phalanges (5 x 2) intermediate phalanges ( 4 x 2 ) distal phalanges (5 x 2) | Throat [1]hyoid bone Shoulder (4)Scapula or shoulder blade (2) Clavicle or collarbone (2) Vertebral Column (24)cervical vertebrae (7) thoracic vertebrae (12) lumbar vertebrae (5) Digits of the hands (finger bones or phalanges) proximal phalanges (5 x 2) intermediate phalanges (4 x 2) distal phalanges (5 x 2) | Arms (2)Humerus (2) Forearms (4)radius (2) ulna (2) Hands (54)Carpal (Wrist) Bones scaphoid bone (2) lunate bone (2) triquetrum bone (2) pisiform bone (2) trapezium (2) trapezoid bone (2) capitate bone (2) hamate bone (2) Metacarpus (palm) bone metacarpal bones (5 x 2) |
Bone Fracture
A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a break in the continuity of the bone.
Types of Bone Fracture
Closed (simple) fractures - The fractures in which the skin is intact.
Comminuted Fracture - A fracture in which the bone has broken into a number of pieces.
Complete fracture - A fracture in which bone fragments separate completely.
Compression fracture - A compression fracture is a collapse of a vertebra.
Impacted fracture - A fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other.
Incomplete fracture - A fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined
Linear fracture - A fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis.
Oblique fracture - A fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis.
Open (compound) fractures - where fracture hematoma is exposed, and may thus expose bone to contamination.
Spiral fracture - A fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted.
Transverse fracture - A fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis
Comminuted Fracture - A fracture in which the bone has broken into a number of pieces.
Complete fracture - A fracture in which bone fragments separate completely.
Compression fracture - A compression fracture is a collapse of a vertebra.
Impacted fracture - A fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other.
Incomplete fracture - A fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined
Linear fracture - A fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis.
Oblique fracture - A fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis.
Open (compound) fractures - where fracture hematoma is exposed, and may thus expose bone to contamination.
Spiral fracture - A fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted.
Transverse fracture - A fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis
List of Fractures
Face FracturesLe Fort fractures Spine FracturesChance fracture Clay-shoveler fracture Hangman’s Fracture Holdsworth fracture Jefferson fracture Teardrop Fracture Pelvis Fractures Pelvis FracturesDuverney’s fracture Malgaigne fracture Pipkin fracture-dislocation Shoulder FractureBankart's fracture Fractures Specific to ChildrenBow Fracture Greenstick Fracture Lead Pipe Fracture Toddler’s Fracture Torus Fracture Salter-Harris fractures | Arm Fractures.Bennett's fracture Boxer's fracture Essex-Lopresti Fracture Galeazzi Fracture Hume Fracture Monteggia Fracture Moore's fracture Nightstick Fracture Rolando fracture Stieda fracture Wrist FracturesBarton’s fracture Chauffeur's fracture Hutchinson’s fracture Smith’s fracture Hand FracturesColles' fracture Hill-Sachs fracture Rolando’s fracture | Ankle FracturesBosworth Fracture Le Fort's fracture of the ankle Maisonneuve Fracture Pilon/Pestle Fracture Pott's fracture Dupuytren's Fracture Tillaux and Wagstaffe-LE Forté Fractures Foot FracturesAviator’s Fracture Beak Fracture Bosworth fracture Chopart's fracture-dislocation Jones Fracture Lisfranc fracture March Fracture Knee FracturesBumper fracture Tillaux fracture |
Orthopedic Tests
Tests: Neck /C-Spine
Adson's test/Adson test - Adson's test is used to assess for the presence of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome at the scalene triangle.
Allen's test/ Allen test - Allen's test, also Allen test, is used to test blood supply to the hand, specifically, the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries.
brachial plexus tension test (BPTT) - The brachial plexus tension test (BPTT) is used clinically to test the dynamics of the neural tissues of the upper quadrant.
shoulder abduction test - Shoulder abduction test is an orthopedic test used to help diagnose a cervical nerve root injury or cervical disc herniation.
shoulder depression test - Shoulder Depression Test. Used to evaluate brachial plexus for lesions, plexopathies and radiculopathies.
Spurling test/ cervical/foraminal compression test - Spurling test is a very specific, but not sensitive physical examination maneuver in diagnosing cervical spondylosis or acute cervical (neck) radiculopathy
Valsalva test - The Valsalva test consists of "straining" to increase pressure in the thorax or middle ear, which is transmitted into the inner ear
Allen's test/ Allen test - Allen's test, also Allen test, is used to test blood supply to the hand, specifically, the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries.
brachial plexus tension test (BPTT) - The brachial plexus tension test (BPTT) is used clinically to test the dynamics of the neural tissues of the upper quadrant.
shoulder abduction test - Shoulder abduction test is an orthopedic test used to help diagnose a cervical nerve root injury or cervical disc herniation.
shoulder depression test - Shoulder Depression Test. Used to evaluate brachial plexus for lesions, plexopathies and radiculopathies.
Spurling test/ cervical/foraminal compression test - Spurling test is a very specific, but not sensitive physical examination maneuver in diagnosing cervical spondylosis or acute cervical (neck) radiculopathy
Valsalva test - The Valsalva test consists of "straining" to increase pressure in the thorax or middle ear, which is transmitted into the inner ear
Tests: Shoulder
crossover test - Shoulder exam test to assess the acromioclavicular joint.
drop-arm test - Drop-arm test to assess the rotator cuff tear.
Finkelstein Sign - Finkelstein's test is used to diagnose DeQuervain's tenosynovitis in people who have wrist pain.
Hawkins test - Hawkins test is used to asses shoulder impingement.
Ludington test - Ludington’s test used to assess possible rupture of biceps.
Neer test - Neer test is used to asses shoulder impingement.
shoulder apprehension test (Fowler test/ Jobe relocation test) - The examination is used to assess for shoulder instability.
Speed test (biceps test) - Speed’s test utilized to determine pain and possible subluxation of biceps tendon.
Sulcus sign - The Sulcus sign is an orthopedic evaluation test for glenohumeral instability of the shoulder.
supraspinatus test - This test is used to diagnose pain with tendonitis or partial injury to the supraspinatus tendon in shoulder.
Yergason biceps tendinitis test - The Yergason's test is a screening tool for diagnosing bicipital tendonitis.
Yergason test for subluxing biceps - The Yergason's test is a screening tool for diagnosingsubluxing biceps.
drop-arm test - Drop-arm test to assess the rotator cuff tear.
Finkelstein Sign - Finkelstein's test is used to diagnose DeQuervain's tenosynovitis in people who have wrist pain.
Hawkins test - Hawkins test is used to asses shoulder impingement.
Ludington test - Ludington’s test used to assess possible rupture of biceps.
Neer test - Neer test is used to asses shoulder impingement.
shoulder apprehension test (Fowler test/ Jobe relocation test) - The examination is used to assess for shoulder instability.
Speed test (biceps test) - Speed’s test utilized to determine pain and possible subluxation of biceps tendon.
Sulcus sign - The Sulcus sign is an orthopedic evaluation test for glenohumeral instability of the shoulder.
supraspinatus test - This test is used to diagnose pain with tendonitis or partial injury to the supraspinatus tendon in shoulder.
Yergason biceps tendinitis test - The Yergason's test is a screening tool for diagnosing bicipital tendonitis.
Yergason test for subluxing biceps - The Yergason's test is a screening tool for diagnosingsubluxing biceps.
Tests: Elbow
elbow flexion test - The elbow flexion test is used to assess the cubital tunnel syndrome.
golfer elbow test or medial epicondylitis - Golfer elbow test or medial epicondylitis is used to assess the golfer elbow test or medial epicondylitis.
ligamentous instability test (Valgus/Varus stress) - Ligamentous instability test to test the radial collateral ligament.
tennis elbow tests - The tennis elbow test is a very effective means for identifying problems with chronic tendon degeneration of the common extensor tendons at the lateral epicondyle.
lateral epicondylitis test/resistive tennis elbow test/ Cozen's Test/ Passive Tennis Elbow Test - This test is used to diagnose lateral epicondylitis
golfer elbow test or medial epicondylitis - Golfer elbow test or medial epicondylitis is used to assess the golfer elbow test or medial epicondylitis.
ligamentous instability test (Valgus/Varus stress) - Ligamentous instability test to test the radial collateral ligament.
tennis elbow tests - The tennis elbow test is a very effective means for identifying problems with chronic tendon degeneration of the common extensor tendons at the lateral epicondyle.
lateral epicondylitis test/resistive tennis elbow test/ Cozen's Test/ Passive Tennis Elbow Test - This test is used to diagnose lateral epicondylitis
Tests: Hand/Wrists
Allen test - Allen's test, also Allen test, is used to test blood supply to the hand, specifically, the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries.
Phalen test or Phalen’s test - Phalen test or Phalen’s test is used to assess carpal tunnel syndrome.
Tight Retinacular Ligament test - A test is designed to determine the presence of retinacular ligaments or tight distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint capsule.
Tinel sign - Tinel's sign is a way to detect irritated nerves. It is used to assess carpal tunnel syndrome
Phalen test or Phalen’s test - Phalen test or Phalen’s test is used to assess carpal tunnel syndrome.
Tight Retinacular Ligament test - A test is designed to determine the presence of retinacular ligaments or tight distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint capsule.
Tinel sign - Tinel's sign is a way to detect irritated nerves. It is used to assess carpal tunnel syndrome
Tests: Back
Adam's sign - A patient with scoliosis (lateral curvature of the spine) when bending over will have no straightening of the curve and give a "positive" result. A straightening of the curve would indicate a "negative" result.
Bragard Sign - If the Lasegue test elicits pain when the patient's leg is passively elevated, then Bragard's test is included as an extra maneuver.
spring test - Spring Test is an orthopedic test used to help diagnose possible facet joint injury in spine.
straight leg raising test/ Lasegue Sign -This test is used to determine whether a patient with low back pain has an underlying herniated disk, mostly located at L5 (fifth lumbar spinal nerve).
Bragard Sign - If the Lasegue test elicits pain when the patient's leg is passively elevated, then Bragard's test is included as an extra maneuver.
spring test - Spring Test is an orthopedic test used to help diagnose possible facet joint injury in spine.
straight leg raising test/ Lasegue Sign -This test is used to determine whether a patient with low back pain has an underlying herniated disk, mostly located at L5 (fifth lumbar spinal nerve).
Tests: Low back/hips
Bowstring test (cram test or popliteal pressure sign) - Cram’s test is a usual follow up to a positive SLR (straight leg raising). It can help differentiate between dural adhesion and acute disk herniations.
Ely test - Ely's test for assessing rectus femoris muscle flexibility and joint range of motion.
FABER test (FABER = flexion abduction and external rotation) - A test for evidence of pathology in the sacroiliac and/or hip joints.
Gaenslen test - A medical test used to detect musculoskeletal abnormalities and primary-chronic inflammation of the lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joint.
Gillet test/ Stork test/Flamingo test - The Gillet Test is used to assess for abnormal movement of the sacroiliac joint.
Hoover's sign test - Hoover's sign test is performed to diagnose leg paresis.
Kernig's sign - Kernig's sign is used to diagnose nerve root impingement.
Lewin snuff test - An orthopedic test to evaluate the cause of low back pain.
Patrick test or Fabere test - Patrick's test or Fabere test is performed by a health care provider to evaluate people who have pain for hip disease or sacroiliitis.
pelvic rock test - Pelvic rock test used to identify pathology of the sacroiliac joint.Prone knee flexion test/ reverse
Lasegue test - A special test for sciatic nerve tension.
side-lying iliac compression test - A test designed to identify the presence of sacroiliac joint dysfunction.
Straight leg raising test/ Lasègue's sign/ Lasègue test - A test done during the physical examination to determine whether a patient with low back pain has an underlying herniated disk, mostly located at L5 (fifth lumbar spinal nerve).
Thomas sign - The Thomas test evaluation flexion contracture of the iliopsoas muscle.
Trendelenburg test - A test which can be carried out as part of a physical examination to determine the competency of the valves in the superficial and deep veins of the legs in patients with varicose veins.
Waddell test - Waddell test is used to evaluate low back pain.
Ely test - Ely's test for assessing rectus femoris muscle flexibility and joint range of motion.
FABER test (FABER = flexion abduction and external rotation) - A test for evidence of pathology in the sacroiliac and/or hip joints.
Gaenslen test - A medical test used to detect musculoskeletal abnormalities and primary-chronic inflammation of the lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joint.
Gillet test/ Stork test/Flamingo test - The Gillet Test is used to assess for abnormal movement of the sacroiliac joint.
Hoover's sign test - Hoover's sign test is performed to diagnose leg paresis.
Kernig's sign - Kernig's sign is used to diagnose nerve root impingement.
Lewin snuff test - An orthopedic test to evaluate the cause of low back pain.
Patrick test or Fabere test - Patrick's test or Fabere test is performed by a health care provider to evaluate people who have pain for hip disease or sacroiliitis.
pelvic rock test - Pelvic rock test used to identify pathology of the sacroiliac joint.Prone knee flexion test/ reverse
Lasegue test - A special test for sciatic nerve tension.
side-lying iliac compression test - A test designed to identify the presence of sacroiliac joint dysfunction.
Straight leg raising test/ Lasègue's sign/ Lasègue test - A test done during the physical examination to determine whether a patient with low back pain has an underlying herniated disk, mostly located at L5 (fifth lumbar spinal nerve).
Thomas sign - The Thomas test evaluation flexion contracture of the iliopsoas muscle.
Trendelenburg test - A test which can be carried out as part of a physical examination to determine the competency of the valves in the superficial and deep veins of the legs in patients with varicose veins.
Waddell test - Waddell test is used to evaluate low back pain.
Tests: Knees
Abduction (Valgus stress) test - The valgus or abduction stress test evaluates the medial collateral ligament.
Adduction (Varus Stress) test - The varus or adduction stress test evaluates the lateral collateral ligament.
anterior cruciate ligament test - To evaluate injury in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in knee joint.
anterior drawer test - The anterior drawer test is used to help diagnose sprain and tears of anterior cruciate ligament.
Apley compression test - The Apley's Compression test is used to assess the menisci of the knee.
Apley distraction test - The Apley distraction test is used to help anterior knee pain.
Apley grind test - The Apley grind test or Apley test is used to evaluate individuals for problems in the meniscus of the knee.
ballotable patella test - The ballotable patella test is used to diagnose effusion of the knee joint.
Bounce Home or Spring test - The bounce home test is used to diagnose tear in meniscus.
Brush or Stroke (Wipe) Test - The brush test is used to diagnose intracapsular effusion/swelling.
Clarke test - Clarkes test is used to diagnose a degenerative condition called Chondromalacia of the very thick hyaline cartilage under the knee cap.
drawer test - A test used by physicians to detect rupture of the cruciate ligaments in the knee.
Lachman test (Ritchie test) - Lachman test is used for examining the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee for patients where there is a suspicion of a torn ACL.
lateral collateral ligament test - lateral collateral ligament (LCL) test is used to diagnose an injury to the ligament on the outer side of the knee
McMurray test - The McMurray test, also known as the McMurray circumduction test is used to evaluate individuals for tears in the meniscus of the knee.
medial collateral ligament test - An MCL test will be done to detect looseness of the ligament.
Ober's test - Ober's test is a test used in physical examination in order to identify contracture of the iliotibial band.
patellar apprehension test - The patellar apprehension test is used to assess the possibility that the patient may have sustained a patellar dislocation which spontaneously reduced.
patellar tap test - The patellar tap is a test for fluid in the knee joint.
patellofemoral grind test - The patellofemoral grind test is used for assessment of patellofemoral syndrome.
pivot-shift test - Pivot-shift test is used during the clinical examination of suspected ACL injury.
posterior cruciate ligament test - To evaluate injury in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in knee joint.
posterior drawer test - The posterior drawer test is used to help diagnose sprain and tears of posterior cruciate ligament.
posterior sag sign (gravity drawer test) - The posterior sag test (also known as the gravity drawer test, drop back sign, or Godfrey's test) is used to assess posterior cruciate ligament.
Quads/ quadriceps active test - Quads/quadriceps active test to diagnose posterior cruciate ligament disruption.
Slocum test - The Slocum test is used to assessment of medial and lateral rotary instabilities of the knee.
Steinman's test - Steinman's test is used to diagnose meniscal tear.
Tibial drop back test - In the tibial drop back test, the examiner compares the prominence of the proximal tibia to the femoralcondyles with the knee flexed to 80°.
Wilson test - The Wilson test is a test used to detect the presence of osteochondritis dissecans in the knee.
Adduction (Varus Stress) test - The varus or adduction stress test evaluates the lateral collateral ligament.
anterior cruciate ligament test - To evaluate injury in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in knee joint.
anterior drawer test - The anterior drawer test is used to help diagnose sprain and tears of anterior cruciate ligament.
Apley compression test - The Apley's Compression test is used to assess the menisci of the knee.
Apley distraction test - The Apley distraction test is used to help anterior knee pain.
Apley grind test - The Apley grind test or Apley test is used to evaluate individuals for problems in the meniscus of the knee.
ballotable patella test - The ballotable patella test is used to diagnose effusion of the knee joint.
Bounce Home or Spring test - The bounce home test is used to diagnose tear in meniscus.
Brush or Stroke (Wipe) Test - The brush test is used to diagnose intracapsular effusion/swelling.
Clarke test - Clarkes test is used to diagnose a degenerative condition called Chondromalacia of the very thick hyaline cartilage under the knee cap.
drawer test - A test used by physicians to detect rupture of the cruciate ligaments in the knee.
Lachman test (Ritchie test) - Lachman test is used for examining the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee for patients where there is a suspicion of a torn ACL.
lateral collateral ligament test - lateral collateral ligament (LCL) test is used to diagnose an injury to the ligament on the outer side of the knee
McMurray test - The McMurray test, also known as the McMurray circumduction test is used to evaluate individuals for tears in the meniscus of the knee.
medial collateral ligament test - An MCL test will be done to detect looseness of the ligament.
Ober's test - Ober's test is a test used in physical examination in order to identify contracture of the iliotibial band.
patellar apprehension test - The patellar apprehension test is used to assess the possibility that the patient may have sustained a patellar dislocation which spontaneously reduced.
patellar tap test - The patellar tap is a test for fluid in the knee joint.
patellofemoral grind test - The patellofemoral grind test is used for assessment of patellofemoral syndrome.
pivot-shift test - Pivot-shift test is used during the clinical examination of suspected ACL injury.
posterior cruciate ligament test - To evaluate injury in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in knee joint.
posterior drawer test - The posterior drawer test is used to help diagnose sprain and tears of posterior cruciate ligament.
posterior sag sign (gravity drawer test) - The posterior sag test (also known as the gravity drawer test, drop back sign, or Godfrey's test) is used to assess posterior cruciate ligament.
Quads/ quadriceps active test - Quads/quadriceps active test to diagnose posterior cruciate ligament disruption.
Slocum test - The Slocum test is used to assessment of medial and lateral rotary instabilities of the knee.
Steinman's test - Steinman's test is used to diagnose meniscal tear.
Tibial drop back test - In the tibial drop back test, the examiner compares the prominence of the proximal tibia to the femoralcondyles with the knee flexed to 80°.
Wilson test - The Wilson test is a test used to detect the presence of osteochondritis dissecans in the knee.
Tests: Ankle
Clunk test - Clunk test is used for assessment of the for tib-fib ligament sprain.
anterior drawer sign - The anterior drawer test is used to assess for instability of the ankle.
Pott's compression test/ squeeze test - Pott's compression/squeeze test is used to assess for the presence of a fracture of the lower leg.
Eversion stress test - The eversion stress test evaluates the integrity of the deltoid ligament.
heel and toe walk test - Walking on heels is the most sensitive way to test for foot dorsiflexion weakness, while walking on toes is the best way to test early foot plantar flexion weakness.
heel-thump test (for the ankle) - The heel-thump test is used for diagnosing syndesmotic ankle sprain.
Homans Sign - Homans' sign is a sign of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). A positive sign is present when there is pain in the calf or popliteal region with examiner's abrupt dorsiflexion of the patient's foot at the ankle while the knee is flexed to 90 degrees.
Percussion/thump test - This test checks for possible fracture in the ankle joint or in the tibia or fibula.
Talar Tilt - The talar tilt test is used to examine the integrity of the calcaneofibular or the deltoid ligament.
Thompson Test - The Thompson test is used to examine the integrity of the Achilles' tendon.
anterior drawer sign - The anterior drawer test is used to assess for instability of the ankle.
Pott's compression test/ squeeze test - Pott's compression/squeeze test is used to assess for the presence of a fracture of the lower leg.
Eversion stress test - The eversion stress test evaluates the integrity of the deltoid ligament.
heel and toe walk test - Walking on heels is the most sensitive way to test for foot dorsiflexion weakness, while walking on toes is the best way to test early foot plantar flexion weakness.
heel-thump test (for the ankle) - The heel-thump test is used for diagnosing syndesmotic ankle sprain.
Homans Sign - Homans' sign is a sign of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). A positive sign is present when there is pain in the calf or popliteal region with examiner's abrupt dorsiflexion of the patient's foot at the ankle while the knee is flexed to 90 degrees.
Percussion/thump test - This test checks for possible fracture in the ankle joint or in the tibia or fibula.
Talar Tilt - The talar tilt test is used to examine the integrity of the calcaneofibular or the deltoid ligament.
Thompson Test - The Thompson test is used to examine the integrity of the Achilles' tendon.
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