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Anatomical Terms for Endocrinology
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
adenohypophysis
The anterior pituitary gland
adrenal androgens
Any substance e.g. testosterone, that promotes masculinization.
adrenal cortex
Cortical part of the adrenal gland (on the pointer).
adrenal gland/ suprarenal glands
The endocrine glands which is situated on the top of the kidneys.
adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex.
adrenaline
The hormone secreted by the adrenal gland. When the body is in a heightened state of excitement, the adrenal gland secretes more adrenaline.
calcitonin
A hormone, produced by the thyroid and parathyroid glands, that increases the deposition of calcium in bones.
calcium
A silver-white metallic element which is essential to the formation of bones and teeth.
corticosteroid
Corticosteroids are man-made drugs that closely resemble cortisol, a hormone that your adrenal glands produce naturally.
dopamine
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers.
endocrine gland
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.
endocrinologist
Endocrinologist: A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and management of hormonal conditions.
endocrinology
The study of hormones, their receptors, the intracellular signalling pathways they invoke, and the diseases and conditions associated with them.
epinephrine
Epinephrine (synthetic adrenaline) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter.
estrogen
The main sex hormone in women.
euthyroid
The state of having normal thyroid gland function.
Glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol)
A hormone that predominantly affects the metabolism of carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, fats and proteins (and has other effects).
glucose
A type of sugar the body uses for energy
glucose metabolism
The process by which simple sugars found in many foods are processed and used to produce energy in the form of ATP
gonads (ovaries and testes)
Sex glands (testis or ovaries)
gonadotrophic hormones
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and placenta; stimulates the gonads and controls reproductive activity
Home/o
Same, alike
hormone
A chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism.
insulin
A hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates the level of glucose in the blood.
Islets of Langerhans
The regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (i.e., hormone-producing) cells.
ketone bodies
Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by- products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver and kidney.
medulla
The central part of any gland.
mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone)
Any of the group of corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, primarily involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium
mucus
Slimy secretion
neurohypophysis
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that secrets hormones such as vasopressin.
norepinephrine
A hormone, secreted by the adrenal gland and similar to epinephrine, that is the principal neurotransmitter of sympathetic nerve endings supplying the major organs and skin. It increases blood pressure and rate and depth of breathing, raises the level of blood sugar, and decreases the activity of the intestines.
oxytocin
A pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and triggers lactation
pancreas
Digestive and endocrine gland. It secrets juices into the small intestine and the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the bloodstream.
parathyroid gland
A small gland of a group of four that lie in or near the walls of the thyroid gland and secrete a hormone that controls the depositing of calcium and phosphorus in bones
pituitary gland
A peanut-sized gland behind the eyes that secretes hormones affecting other glands.
potassium
An electrolyte
prolactin/luteotropic hormone (LTH)
A hormone secreted by pituitary gland which stimulates lactation after childbirth
somatotropin
Growth hormone
thymus gland
An organ located at the base of the neck that is involved in the development of cells of immune system, particularly T cells.
thyroid gland
An endocrine ductless gland in the base of the neck that secrets hormones responsible for controlling metabolism and growth.
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
A peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland.
thyroxine (T4)
The principal hormone secreted by thyroid gland, which stimulates metabolism and is essential for normal growth and development.
triiodothyronine (T3)
An iodine containing hormone produced by the thyroid gland.
TSH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that causes narrowing of the arteries and raises blood pressure. It also reduces the volume of the urine excreted by the kidneys.
adrenocorticotropic hormone
adenohypophysis
The anterior pituitary gland
adrenal androgens
Any substance e.g. testosterone, that promotes masculinization.
adrenal cortex
Cortical part of the adrenal gland (on the pointer).
adrenal gland/ suprarenal glands
The endocrine glands which is situated on the top of the kidneys.
adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex.
adrenaline
The hormone secreted by the adrenal gland. When the body is in a heightened state of excitement, the adrenal gland secretes more adrenaline.
calcitonin
A hormone, produced by the thyroid and parathyroid glands, that increases the deposition of calcium in bones.
calcium
A silver-white metallic element which is essential to the formation of bones and teeth.
corticosteroid
Corticosteroids are man-made drugs that closely resemble cortisol, a hormone that your adrenal glands produce naturally.
dopamine
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers.
endocrine gland
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.
endocrinologist
Endocrinologist: A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and management of hormonal conditions.
endocrinology
The study of hormones, their receptors, the intracellular signalling pathways they invoke, and the diseases and conditions associated with them.
epinephrine
Epinephrine (synthetic adrenaline) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter.
estrogen
The main sex hormone in women.
euthyroid
The state of having normal thyroid gland function.
Glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol)
A hormone that predominantly affects the metabolism of carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, fats and proteins (and has other effects).
glucose
A type of sugar the body uses for energy
glucose metabolism
The process by which simple sugars found in many foods are processed and used to produce energy in the form of ATP
gonads (ovaries and testes)
Sex glands (testis or ovaries)
gonadotrophic hormones
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and placenta; stimulates the gonads and controls reproductive activity
Home/o
Same, alike
hormone
A chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism.
insulin
A hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates the level of glucose in the blood.
Islets of Langerhans
The regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (i.e., hormone-producing) cells.
ketone bodies
Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by- products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver and kidney.
medulla
The central part of any gland.
mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone)
Any of the group of corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, primarily involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium
mucus
Slimy secretion
neurohypophysis
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that secrets hormones such as vasopressin.
norepinephrine
A hormone, secreted by the adrenal gland and similar to epinephrine, that is the principal neurotransmitter of sympathetic nerve endings supplying the major organs and skin. It increases blood pressure and rate and depth of breathing, raises the level of blood sugar, and decreases the activity of the intestines.
oxytocin
A pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and triggers lactation
pancreas
Digestive and endocrine gland. It secrets juices into the small intestine and the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the bloodstream.
parathyroid gland
A small gland of a group of four that lie in or near the walls of the thyroid gland and secrete a hormone that controls the depositing of calcium and phosphorus in bones
pituitary gland
A peanut-sized gland behind the eyes that secretes hormones affecting other glands.
potassium
An electrolyte
prolactin/luteotropic hormone (LTH)
A hormone secreted by pituitary gland which stimulates lactation after childbirth
somatotropin
Growth hormone
thymus gland
An organ located at the base of the neck that is involved in the development of cells of immune system, particularly T cells.
thyroid gland
An endocrine ductless gland in the base of the neck that secrets hormones responsible for controlling metabolism and growth.
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
A peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland.
thyroxine (T4)
The principal hormone secreted by thyroid gland, which stimulates metabolism and is essential for normal growth and development.
triiodothyronine (T3)
An iodine containing hormone produced by the thyroid gland.
TSH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that causes narrowing of the arteries and raises blood pressure. It also reduces the volume of the urine excreted by the kidneys.
Disease Related Terms in Endocrinology
acromegaly
Overproduction of growth hormones, resulting in enlarged bones in the hands, feet, jaw, nose, and ribs of adults.
Addison’s disease/ chronic adrenal insufficiency/ hypocortisolism/ hypoadrenalism
A rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids).
addisonian crisis/ adrenal crisis
A group of symptoms that indicate severe adrenal insufficiency
alopecia
Loss or the absence of hair, especially from the human head.
cold nodule
A lump in the thyroid gland that does not take up iodine as it should.
Cushing's syndrome
Cushing's syndrome is a hormone disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood.
diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is a condition in which the kidneys are unable to conserve water.
diabetes mellitus type 1/juvenile diabetes
A form of diabetes mellitus that results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.
diabetes mellitus type 2/ non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM)/ adult-onset diabetes
A metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
A problem that occurs in people with diabetes. It occurs when the body cannot use sugar (glucose) as a fuel source because there is no insulin or not enough insulin.
exophthalmos/ exophthalmia/ proptosis
A bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit.
goiter
Enragement of the thyroid gland appearing as a swelling of the front of the neck. Iodine deficiency is one of several causes.
Graves’ disease
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones (a serious metabolic imbalance known as hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis).
hyperglycemia
An unusually high level of sugar in the blood.
hyperthyroidism
The overproduction of thyroid hormones at dangerously high levels.
hypoglycemia
The medical condition of having an unusually low level of sugar in the blood.
hypopituitarism
Failure of the pituitary gland to produce hormones, especially a deficiency in growth hormone, which can result in dwarfism.
Hypothyroidism (myxedema)
Low thyroid hormone production
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
A medical term that describes diabetes mellitus that requires insulin therapy to avoid ketoacidosis.
myxedema coma
A life-threatening complication of hypothyroidism
non-insulin dependent diabetes
A metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
polydipsia
Excessive thrust
polyphagia
Huge appetite
polyuria
Excessive urination
thyroiditis
Inflammation of the thyroid gland
Overproduction of growth hormones, resulting in enlarged bones in the hands, feet, jaw, nose, and ribs of adults.
Addison’s disease/ chronic adrenal insufficiency/ hypocortisolism/ hypoadrenalism
A rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids).
addisonian crisis/ adrenal crisis
A group of symptoms that indicate severe adrenal insufficiency
alopecia
Loss or the absence of hair, especially from the human head.
cold nodule
A lump in the thyroid gland that does not take up iodine as it should.
Cushing's syndrome
Cushing's syndrome is a hormone disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood.
diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is a condition in which the kidneys are unable to conserve water.
diabetes mellitus type 1/juvenile diabetes
A form of diabetes mellitus that results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.
diabetes mellitus type 2/ non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM)/ adult-onset diabetes
A metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
A problem that occurs in people with diabetes. It occurs when the body cannot use sugar (glucose) as a fuel source because there is no insulin or not enough insulin.
exophthalmos/ exophthalmia/ proptosis
A bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit.
goiter
Enragement of the thyroid gland appearing as a swelling of the front of the neck. Iodine deficiency is one of several causes.
Graves’ disease
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones (a serious metabolic imbalance known as hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis).
hyperglycemia
An unusually high level of sugar in the blood.
hyperthyroidism
The overproduction of thyroid hormones at dangerously high levels.
hypoglycemia
The medical condition of having an unusually low level of sugar in the blood.
hypopituitarism
Failure of the pituitary gland to produce hormones, especially a deficiency in growth hormone, which can result in dwarfism.
Hypothyroidism (myxedema)
Low thyroid hormone production
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
A medical term that describes diabetes mellitus that requires insulin therapy to avoid ketoacidosis.
myxedema coma
A life-threatening complication of hypothyroidism
non-insulin dependent diabetes
A metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
polydipsia
Excessive thrust
polyphagia
Huge appetite
polyuria
Excessive urination
thyroiditis
Inflammation of the thyroid gland
Treatment Related Terms in Endocrinology
adrenalectomy
The surgical removal of the both of the adrenal glands
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Measurement of blood glucose after you have not eaten for at least 8 hours.
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, also known as the fasting blood sugar test , measures blood sugar levels and is used to diagnose diabetes.
hypophysectomy
Surgical removal of pituitary gland.
post-prandial
After meal
pre-prandial
Before meal
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)
thyroidectomy
A surgical removal of thyroid gland or part of it.
TRH Test
A test to determine whether the thyroid gland is acting normally.
ultrasound
A test to determine whether the thyroid gland is acting normally.
The surgical removal of the both of the adrenal glands
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Measurement of blood glucose after you have not eaten for at least 8 hours.
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, also known as the fasting blood sugar test , measures blood sugar levels and is used to diagnose diabetes.
hypophysectomy
Surgical removal of pituitary gland.
post-prandial
After meal
pre-prandial
Before meal
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)
thyroidectomy
A surgical removal of thyroid gland or part of it.
TRH Test
A test to determine whether the thyroid gland is acting normally.
ultrasound
A test to determine whether the thyroid gland is acting normally.
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